Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison Disease

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) means the adrenal glands do not make enough cortisol. Addison’s disease is primary adrenal insufficiency, usually caused by autoimmune damage to the adrenal cortex; secondary/tertiary AI results from low ACTH from the pituitary/hypothalamus or from chronic glucocorticoid use. Because early symptoms can be vague—fatigue, dizziness, salt craving, low blood pressure—lab testing is essential.

A stepwise plan typically starts with an 8 a.m. (morning) serum cortisol and plasma ACTH, plus electrolytes. If results are borderline, clinicians use the cosyntropin (ACTH) stimulation test to confirm or exclude AI. In suspected primaryAI, plasma renin and aldosterone and 21-hydroxylase (adrenal) antibodies help define cause and mineralocorticoid status. These tests guide diagnosis and monitoring but do not replace medical evaluation—especially if symptoms are severe.

Signs, Symptoms & Related Situations

  • General: persistent fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea

  • Circulatory: low blood pressure, dizziness on standing, salt craving

  • Skin: hyperpigmentation (palms, creases, scars) suggests primary AI

  • Metabolic: low sodium, high potassium, low blood sugar (especially in children)

  • Women’s health: irregular periods, low libido; hair loss in underarm/groin areas

  • Pituitary clues (secondary AI): headaches, vision changes, other low pituitary hormones

  • Urgent care—possible adrenal crisis: severe vomiting/diarrhea, abdominal pain, confusion, fainting, shock, or fever with hypotension. Seek emergency help immediately.

Why These Tests Matter

What testing can do

  • Screen with morning cortisol and ACTH to estimate adrenal reserve

  • Confirm with cosyntropin stimulation when results are borderline or unclear

  • Differentiate causes: high ACTH + low cortisol → primary AI; low/normal ACTH + low cortisol → secondary/tertiary AI

  • Assess mineralocorticoid status (renin/aldosterone) and autoimmune cause (21-hydroxylase antibodies)

  • Establish baselines for follow-up once you and your clinician set a plan

What testing cannot do

  • Diagnose from a single number without clinical context

  • Replace imaging or specialist dynamic tests (e.g., insulin tolerance) when indicated

  • Provide treatment advice—medication decisions belong with your clinician

What These Tests Measure (at a glance)

  • Morning Serum Cortisol (8 a.m.): first-line screen. Very low values suggest AI; clearly higher values make AI less likely. Assay cutoffs vary; interpret with your clinician. Oral estrogen can raise total cortisol (via CBG). Recent steroids can suppress results.

  • Plasma ACTH: high in primary AI; low or inappropriately normal in secondary/tertiary AI. Draw with morning cortisol.

  • Cosyntropin (ACTH) Stimulation Test (250 µg): measures cortisol rise at 30/60 minutes after synthetic ACTH. Blunted response supports AI. Thresholds differ by assay; follow your report’s reference notes.

  • Renin (PRA or direct) and Aldosterone: in primary AI, aldosterone is low and renin is high; in secondary/tertiary AI, these are often normal.

  • Electrolytes / CMP: hyponatremia and hyperkalemia suggest mineralocorticoid deficiency; glucose and kidney/liver markers provide context.

  • 21-Hydroxylase (Adrenal) Antibodies: positive in most autoimmune Addison’s disease; supports the cause.

  • DHEA-S: often low in AI; supportive, not diagnostic.

  • Thyroid & Other Autoimmune Screens (as indicated): TSH/free T4, B12, celiac markers—autoimmune diseases can cluster.

Quick Build Guide

Clinical question Start with Add if needed
Suspected primary AI (Addison’s) 8 a.m. Cortisol + ACTH + CMP/electrolytes Cosyntropin test • Renin + Aldosterone • 21-Hydroxylase Ab
Possible secondary/tertiary AI 8 a.m. Cortisol + ACTH Cosyntropin test • Pituitary hormone profile (clinician-directed)
Borderline morning cortisol Cosyntropin test Repeat morning cortisol ± DHEA-S
On or recently off glucocorticoids Coordinate timing with clinician Dynamic testing when safe; results may be suppressed
Electrolyte abnormalities CMP/electrolytes Renin + Aldosterone to assess mineralocorticoids

How the Testing Process Works

  1. Select the starting tests: morning cortisol and ACTH with electrolytes/CMP.

  2. Follow with confirmation: if results are unclear, your clinician may order a cosyntropin stimulation test.

  3. Define cause and extent: in primary AI, add renin/aldosterone and 21-hydroxylase antibodies; consider DHEA-S and related autoimmune screens.

  4. Prepare for accuracy: draw early morning; list all medications (including steroids, inhalers, creams, and biotinsupplements). Do not stop prescribed steroids without clinician guidance.

  5. Review & plan: results post to your secure account; discuss next steps and retesting with your clinician.

Interpreting Results (General Guidance)

  • Very low morning cortisol with high ACTH supports primary AI; low/normal ACTH suggests secondary/tertiary AI.

  • Cosyntropin test: an inadequate cortisol rise supports AI; clinicians use assay-specific cutoffs.

  • Electrolytes: low sodium/high potassium commonly indicate mineralocorticoid deficiency in primary AI.

  • Renin/aldosterone: high renin + low aldosterone favors primary AI.

  • Antibodies: 21-hydroxylase positive supports autoimmune Addison’s.
    Always interpret results with a qualified healthcare professional; use trends and the full clinical picture.

Choosing Panels vs. Individual Tests

  • Initial screen: 8 a.m. Cortisol + ACTH + CMP/electrolytes

  • Confirmation: Cosyntropin stimulation (250 µg) when cortisol is borderline or symptoms are significant

  • Primary AI work-up: Renin + Aldosterone + 21-Hydroxylase Ab

  • Secondary AI context: consider pituitary hormone profile per clinician

  • Monitoring: periodic electrolytes/CMP, with targeted hormones as directed

FAQs

Do I need to test in the morning?
Yes. Cortisol peaks around 8 a.m. Morning samples make results easier to interpret.

Can I test while using steroid pills, inhalers, or creams?
These can suppress the HPA axis and alter results. Do not stop any medicine on your own—ask your clinician how to time testing.

What’s the difference between primary and secondary AI?
Primary (Addison’s): adrenal problem—often autoimmune; ACTH is highSecondary/tertiary: pituitary/hypothalamic problem or prior glucocorticoids; ACTH is low/normal.

Is a salivary cortisol useful here?
Salivary cortisol is helpful in Cushing’s screening, but it is not a first-line test for adrenal insufficiency.

Do I have to fast?
Fasting is usually not required for cortisol/ACTH, but follow any instructions on your order.

Can birth control or pregnancy affect results?
Oral estrogen and pregnancy raise cortisol-binding proteins, increasing total cortisol. Tell your clinician about hormones.

How often should I retest?
Timing is individualized. Many people repeat testing after changes in health or medications, guided by their clinician.

Related Categories & Key Tests

  • Hormone Tests Hub

  • Adrenal & Cortisol Tests • Cushing Syndrome Tests • Electrolytes & Hydration • Thyroid Testing • Autoimmune & Rheumatologic Tests

  • Key Tests: Morning Serum Cortisol • Plasma ACTH • Cosyntropin (ACTH) Stimulation Test • Plasma Renin Activity or Direct Renin • Aldosterone • 21-Hydroxylase (Adrenal) Antibodies • DHEA-S • Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (Electrolytes/Glucose)

References

  • Endocrine Society — Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and management of primary adrenal insufficiency.
  • American Association of Clinical Endocrinology — Adrenal insufficiency diagnostic guidance.
  • NIH/NIDDK — Adrenal insufficiency and Addison’s disease overview.
  • Society guidance on ACTH stimulation testing and assay-specific cortisol cutoffs.
  • Reviews on autoimmune Addison’s disease and 21-hydroxylase antibodies.
  • Laboratory best practices for pre-analytical considerations in endocrine testing.

Available Tests & Panels

Your Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison Disease Tests menu is pre-populated in the Ulta Lab Tests system. Start with morning cortisol and ACTH plus electrolytes/CMP; add a cosyntropin stimulation test for confirmation, then renin/aldosterone and 21-hydroxylase antibodies if primary AI is likely. Follow any timing/collection guidance and review results with your clinician.

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The Aldosterone and Plasma Renin Activity Ratio Test measures levels of aldosterone and renin to assess adrenal and kidney function. An elevated ratio may indicate primary aldosteronism, a common cause of secondary hypertension. Doctors use this test to evaluate patients with high blood pressure, low potassium, or suspected adrenal disorders. Results help diagnose conditions like Conn’s syndrome, guide treatment, and reduce cardiovascular risks from uncontrolled hypertension.

Also Known As: Aldosterone/Plasma Renin Activity Ratio Test, Aldosterone and Renin Activity Test

The C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Test measures CRP levels in blood to detect inflammation in the body. Elevated CRP may indicate infections, autoimmune disorders, or chronic diseases such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, or inflammatory bowel disease. Doctors use this test to assess acute illness, monitor treatment response, and evaluate risk for heart disease. The CRP test provides key insight into inflammation, immune health, and overall wellness.

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Also Known As: CRP Test, Inflammation Test

The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) Test measures 21 markers to assess metabolic health, liver and kidney function, and electrolyte balance. It includes glucose, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, total protein, bilirubin, ALP, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, BUN/creatinine ratio, and eGFR. The CMP helps detect diabetes, liver or kidney disease, and supports routine screening and chronic condition monitoring.

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Also Known As: CMP Test, Chemistry Panel Test, Chem Test, Chem 21 Test, Chem 14 Test 

The Cortisol Saliva 4 Samples Test measures cortisol levels at four points during the day to assess adrenal gland function and circadian rhythm. Abnormal patterns may indicate adrenal insufficiency, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, or chronic stress. Because saliva reflects active hormone levels, this noninvasive test is ideal for evaluating diurnal cortisol changes, supporting diagnosis, and guiding treatment for endocrine and stress-related disorders.

Also Known As: Cortisol Total Test, Cortisol Saliva Test, Cortisol 4 Specimen Test, 4 Specimen Cortisol Test, Cortisol Free Test, Cortisol Kit Test

Most Popular

The Cortisol AM Test measures morning cortisol levels in blood to evaluate adrenal gland function and stress response. Cortisol peaks in the morning, making this test critical for detecting adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease), Cushing’s syndrome, or other hormone imbalances. Doctors also use it to investigate fatigue, weight changes, or high blood pressure. This test provides important insight into endocrine health, metabolism, and long-term stress regulation.

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Also Known As: Morning Cortisol Test

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The Cortisol PM Test measures afternoon cortisol levels to evaluate adrenal and pituitary function. Cortisol normally drops later in the day, so abnormal results may indicate Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease), or hormone imbalance. Doctors order this test to investigate fatigue, obesity, high blood pressure, or irregular sleep patterns and to monitor adrenal disorders. It provides key insight into stress response and endocrine health.

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Also Known As: Afternoon Cortisol Test

The Cortisol Total Test measures cortisol levels in blood to assess adrenal gland and pituitary function. Cortisol regulates stress response, metabolism, and immune health. Abnormal results may indicate Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, or other hormone disorders. Doctors order this test to evaluate symptoms like fatigue, weight changes, weakness, or high blood pressure and to monitor treatment. It provides essential insight into hormone balance and endocrine health.

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Also Known As: Cortisol Blood Test

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The DHEA Sulfate (DHEA-S) Test measures levels of DHEA-S, a hormone made by the adrenal glands, to evaluate adrenal function and hormone balance. It helps detect adrenal tumors, hyperplasia, or insufficiency and assess abnormal hair growth, infertility, or early/late puberty. Doctors also use it to investigate irregular menstrual cycles, monitor androgen disorders, and evaluate symptoms of hormone imbalance affecting reproductive and metabolic health.

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Also Known As: DHEA Sulfate Test, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Test

Most Popular

The GGT Test measures gamma-glutamyl transferase, an enzyme found in the liver and bile ducts, to evaluate liver health. Elevated GGT may indicate liver disease, bile duct obstruction, alcohol use, or medication side effects. Doctors order this test to investigate symptoms like fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, or abdominal pain and to monitor liver damage. It is often performed with other liver tests to provide a complete picture of liver and bile duct function.

Blood
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Also Known As: Gamma Glutamyl Transferase Test, Gamma Glutamyl TransPeptidase Test, GGTP Test, GTP Test

The Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Test measures average blood glucose over 2–3 months by detecting sugar attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is used to diagnose diabetes, identify prediabetes, and monitor long-term blood sugar control. Doctors rely on the HbA1c test to evaluate treatment effectiveness, guide adjustments, and assess risk for complications, making it essential for diabetes care and metabolic health screening.

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Also Known As: A1c Test, HbA1c Test, Glycated Hemoglobin Test

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The Homocysteine Test measures homocysteine levels in blood to assess risk for heart disease, stroke, and vascular problems. Elevated homocysteine may result from vitamin B6, B12, or folate deficiency and is linked to blood clots, cognitive decline, and osteoporosis. Doctors use this test to evaluate cardiovascular risk, monitor nutritional deficiencies, and guide treatment for metabolic or genetic conditions affecting homocysteine metabolism.

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Also Known As: Homocysteine Cardiac Risk Test

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The Insulin Test measures insulin levels in blood to assess how the body regulates glucose and metabolism. It helps diagnose insulin resistance, hypoglycemia, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Doctors also use it to evaluate pancreatic function and monitor treatment effectiveness. Frequently ordered with glucose testing, the insulin test provides critical insight into endocrine health, blood sugar control, and risk for diabetes-related complications.

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Also Known As: Fasting Insulin Blood Test

The Iron Micronutrient Test measures blood iron levels to evaluate nutritional status and detect deficiencies or excess. Iron is essential for hemoglobin production, oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and immune function. This test helps identify anemia, iron overload, absorption issues, or dietary imbalances, supporting diagnosis and management of overall health and vital body functions.

Patient must be 18 years of age or older.
Blood
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Also Known As: Serum Iron Test, Serum Fe Test

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The Iron Total Test measures iron levels in blood to evaluate nutritional status, red blood cell production, and overall metabolic health. Abnormal levels may indicate iron deficiency anemia, chronic blood loss, or poor absorption, while high levels may suggest hemochromatosis, liver disease, or iron overload. Doctors use this test to investigate fatigue, weakness, or pallor and to monitor treatment. Results provide key insight into anemia and iron balance.

Blood
Blood Draw
Also Known As: Serum Iron Test, Serum Fe Test

The Mineral Micronutrients Test Panel measures minerals: Calcium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium RBC, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, and Zinc to assess nutritional balance and overall health. These minerals are essential for bone strength, metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and immune function. The panel helps detect deficiencies, excesses, or absorption issues, guiding health management.

Patient must be 18 years of age or older.

The Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test measures LDH enzyme levels in blood to assess tissue damage and overall health. Elevated LDH may indicate conditions such as liver disease, heart attack, anemia, infections, or certain cancers, while low levels are uncommon. Doctors use this test to help diagnose disease, monitor treatment effectiveness, and track cell damage. It provides valuable insight into metabolic activity and organ function.

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Also Known As: LD Test, LDH Test, Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase Test

The Lipid Panel with Ratios Test measures seven key markers: total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, Chol/HDL ratio, and LDL/HDL ratio. This advanced panel evaluates cardiovascular risk by assessing cholesterol balance and fat metabolism. Doctors use it to detect high cholesterol, atherosclerosis risk, and heart disease, and to monitor treatment. Often part of routine exams, it provides insight into long-term heart and metabolic health.

Also Known As: Lipid Profile Test, Cholesterol Panel Test, Lipid Blood Test

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The Magnesium Serum Test measures magnesium levels in blood to evaluate electrolyte balance, nerve and muscle function, and overall metabolic health. Abnormal levels may indicate kidney disease, malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, or uncontrolled diabetes. Low magnesium can cause weakness, cramps, or irregular heartbeat, while high levels may signal kidney dysfunction. Doctors use this test to diagnose deficiencies, monitor therapy, or assess chronic health conditions.

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Also Known As: Mg Test, Mag Test

The Phosphate (as Phosphorus) Test measures phosphorus levels in blood to evaluate bone strength, energy metabolism, and kidney health. Abnormal levels may indicate kidney disease, vitamin D imbalance, parathyroid disorders, or malnutrition. Doctors order this test to investigate fatigue, muscle weakness, or bone problems and to monitor conditions like chronic kidney disease. It provides key insight into metabolic, endocrine, and bone health.

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Also Known As: Phosphate Test, Phosphorus Test, PO4 Test

The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) Test measures SHBG, a protein that binds testosterone and estrogen, to assess how much active hormone is available in the body. Abnormal levels may indicate PCOS, infertility, low testosterone, liver disease, or thyroid disorders. Doctors order this test to investigate symptoms like low libido, irregular periods, acne, or hair loss and to evaluate hormone balance, endocrine function, and metabolic health in men and women.

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Also Known As: SHBG Test, TeBG Test, Testosterone-Estrogen Binding Globulin Test

Most Popular

The Uric Acid Test measures uric acid levels in blood to assess kidney function and detect gout, a form of arthritis caused by uric acid buildup. High levels may also signal kidney disease, kidney stones, or metabolic disorders, while low levels can occur with liver disease. Doctors use this test to investigate joint pain, swelling, or frequent urination, and to monitor treatment for gout, kidney stones, or chemotherapy-related complications.

Blood
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Also Known As: Serum Urate Test

The QuestAssureD™ Vitamin D 25-Hydroxy Total Test measures Vitamin D2, Vitamin D3, and total 25-hydroxy vitamin D to assess overall vitamin D status. Adequate vitamin D supports bone strength, calcium absorption, immune health, and muscle function. Low levels may cause osteoporosis, weakness, or increased disease risk, while high levels can indicate toxicity. Doctors use this test to diagnose deficiency, monitor supplementation, and evaluate metabolic and endocrine health.

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Also Known As: Vitamin D Test, Ergocalciferol Test, Vitamin D2 Test, Cholecalciferol Test, Vitamin D3 Test, Calcidiol Test, 25-hydroxyvitamin D Test, Calcifidiol Test, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D Test, Vitamin D Total Test

Adrenal glands are small but play a big role in everyday life. They produce several hormones, most notably cortisol. Cortisol handles the "fight or flight" response and is how the body responds to stress.

Early Adrenal Disease Tests can track your hormone levels and determine if your hormones are out of balance. These tests are convenient and provide you with the health information you need.

Understanding the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands are located in the midsection of the body near the top of the kidneys. Each of the two parts of the glands—the medulla and the cortex—produces a different set of hormones.

These hormones include cortisol, aldosterone, DHEA and androgenic steroids, and epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison Disease

When the adrenal glands are not working correctly, several health issues can arise. These can include adrenal insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing Disease, Hyperaldosteronism, Pheochromocytoma, or Adrenal Cancer.

When the adrenal glands do not produce the necessary level of hormones, Adrenal Insufficiency, or Addison Disease, will occur. 

Unfortunately, once a person develops Addison's Disease, it will never go away, which is why it is imperative to be proactive with lab testing. If you catch issues before they get serious, there is a better chance of healing.

Signs and Symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison Disease

The most common signs of Addison's Disease are:

  • Loss of appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Exhaustion
  • Pain around the adrenal glands
  • Skin darkening

This rare condition is onset by:

  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Infections
  • Cancer
  • Genetics

Lab Testing for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison Disease

Several Addison Disease Tests are available through Ulta Labs. These tests cover a wide range of biomarkers and can help create a better understanding of where your health stands.

Adrenal Complete

Adrenal Complete is a panel with 8 tests that covers 41 biomarkers. This test will measure several factors, including a metabolic panel, cortisol levels, DHEA sulfate, iron levels, and magnesium. This test uses both saliva and blood specimen.

ULTA Adrenal Function Panel

The Adrenal Function Panel is a combination of 16 tests, which will review 77 biomarkers. This test takes both a saliva and blood specimen, and patients must fast for at least nine hours before.

The test will measure C-reactive protein, blood count, a metabolic panel, cortisol levels, DHEA sulfate, gamma-glutamyl transferase, hemoglobin, homocysteine, insulin levels, lactate dehydrogenase, lipid panel, magnesium levels, phosphate levels, vitamin D, D2, and D3, and uric acid.

STTM Adrenal Panel Total

The STTM Adrenal Panel Total test is a combination of 3 tests that will review 23 biomarkers. It covers aldosterone, a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), and magnesium levels.

The biomarkers reviewed in the CMP are albumin, the albumin/globulin ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, the BUN and blood creatinine ratio, calcium levels, carbon dioxide levels, chloride levels, creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate, globulin levels, insulin tolerance test, potassium levels, total protein levels, sodium levels, and blood urea nitrogen levels (BUN).

Benefits of Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison Disease Testing

Adrenal insufficiency tests are an important step to take control of your health and life. They are easy to complete and will provide you with a wealth of knowledge.

Better Understanding Your Body

Testing for adrenal insufficiency will cover a multitude of factors in your body. Understanding these levels and how they affect your body can help you make the necessary changes to get back on top of your health.

Catching Other Health Issues

Once you receive your test results, the levels you thought would be high could be right on track, but other levels may surprise you. This can open the door to other issues that could be affecting your health and the quality of your daily life.

Prevention of Addison's Disease

If you identify early that you are on a path towards Addison's disease, you can be proactive to get things under control. Perhaps a simple lifestyle change can improve levels and resolve any issues.

If you are genetically predisposed to Addison's Disease, tests can show you which biomarkers to monitor more closely and test more often.

Treatment

If the testing does result in a diagnosis of Addison's Disease, there are several treatment options available. Patients with Addison's Disease can treat the problem by taking hormones to make up for the ones that are not produced by the adrenal glands.

Lifestyle changes can dramatically alter the side effects of the disease, as well as stress, and blood pressure management.

If the disease goes untreated, an Addisonian crisis can happen. This causes low blood pressure, low blood sugar, and high levels of potassium in the blood. These issues may be life-threatening and need immediate treatment.

Feel More Confident About Your Health

Understanding what is going on internally and learning how lifestyle changes can impact that is an empowering feeling.

Having more confidence when it comes to making decisions regarding your health may require a little time upfront, but the information Ulta Lab Tests provide you with can make it very attainable.

Testing with Ulta Lab Tests

Ulta Lab Tests offers tests that are highly accurate and reliable so you can make informed decisions about your health. You can always guarantee secure and confidential results.

You do not need insurance or a doctor's referral to schedule your test. Ulta Lab Tests provides affordable pricing and 100% satisfaction guaranteed.

Order your Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison Disease Tests today. Results can be viewed online in 24 to 48 hours. Take charge of your health and track your progress with Ulta Lab Tests.