Ulta Lab Tests

Functional Panel Semi-Annual Follow Up

The following is a list of what is included in the item above. Click the test(s) below to view what biomarkers are measured along with an explanation of what the biomarker is measuring.

Also known as: Microalbumin Random Urine with Creatinine

Creatinine, Random Urine

Microalbumin

Microalbumin/Creatinine

Also known as: CBC, CBC includes Differential and Platelets, CBC/PLT w/DIFF, Complete Blood Count (includes Differential and Platelets)

NOTE: Ulta Lab Tests provides CBC test results from Quest Diagnostics as they are reported. Often, different biomarker results are made available at different time intervals. When reporting the results, Ulta Lab Tests denotes those biomarkers not yet reported as 'pending' for every biomarker the test might report. Only biomarkers Quest Diagnostics observes are incorporated and represented in the final CBC test results provided by Ulta Lab Tests.

Absolute Band Neutrophils

Immature forms of neutrophils are called neutrophilic band cells. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for much of the body's protection against infection. Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream to travel to wherever they are needed. Large numbers of immature forms of neutrophils, called neutrophilic band cells, are produced by the bone marrow when the demand is high.

Absolute Basophils

Basophils normally constitute 1% or less of the total white blood cell count but may increase or decrease in certain diseases and are thought to be involved in allergic reactions.

Absolute Blasts

Blasts are immature forms of white blood cells.

Absolute Eosinophils

Eosinophils (eos) respond to infections caused by parasites and play a role in allergic reactions (hypersensitivities)

Absolute Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that exist in both the blood and the lymphatic system. They are divided into three types. The B lymphocytes (B cells) are antibody-producing cells that are essential for acquired, antigen-specific immune responses. The second type are T lymphocytes (T cells) some T cells help the body distinguish between "self" and "non-self" antigens while others initiate and control the extent of an immune response, boosting it as needed and then slowing it as the condition resolves. Other types of T cells directly attack and neutralize virus-infected or cancerous cells. The third type are natural killer cells (NK cells) that directly attack and kill abnormal cells such as cancer cells or those infected with a virus.

Absolute Metamyelocytes

Metamyelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Absolute Monocytes

Monocytes (mono), similar to neutrophils, move to an area of infection and engulf and destroy bacteria. They are associated more often with chronic rather than acute infections. They are also involved in tissue repair and other functions involving the immune system.

Absolute Myelocytes

Myelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Absolute Neutrophils

Neutrophils (neu) normally make up the largest number of circulating WBCs. They move into an area of damaged or infected tissue, where they engulf and destroy bacteria or sometimes fungi. Young neutrophils, recently released into circulation, are called bands.

Absolute Nucleated Rbc

Nucleated Red Blood Cells (nRBC) ) the presence of NRBCs in the adult blood is usually associated with malignant neoplasms, bone marrow diseases, and other serious disorders.

Absolute Promyelocytes

Promyelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Band Neutrophils

Immature forms of neutrophils are called neutrophilic band cells. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for much of the body's protection against infection. Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream to travel to wherever they are needed. Large numbers of immature forms of neutrophils, called neutrophilic band cells, are produced by the bone marrow when the demand is high.

Basophils

Basophils normally constitute 1% or less of the total white blood cell count but may increase or decrease in certain diseases and are thought to be involved in allergic reactions.

Blasts

Blasts are immature forms of white blood cells.

Eosinophils

Eosinophils (eos) respond to infections caused by parasites and play a role in allergic reactions (hypersensitivities)

Hematocrit

Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of the volume of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells. This measurement depends on the number of red blood cells and the size of red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

Serum hemoglobin is a blood test that measures the level of free hemoglobin in the liquid part of the blood (the serum). Free hemoglobin is the hemoglobin outside of the red blood cells. Most of the hemoglobin is found inside the red blood cells, not in the serum.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that exist in both the blood and the lymphatic system. They are divided into three types. The B lymphocytes (B cells) are antibody-producing cells that are essential for acquired, antigen-specific immune responses. The second type are T lymphocytes (T cells) some T cells help the body distinguish between "self" and "non-self" antigens while others initiate and control the extent of an immune response, boosting it as needed and then slowing it as the condition resolves. Other types of T cells directly attack and neutralize virus-infected or cancerous cells. The third type are natural killer cells (NK cells) that directly attack and kill abnormal cells such as cancer cells or those infected with a virus.

MCH

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell.

MCHC

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a calculation of the average percentage of hemoglobin inside a red cell.

MCV

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of RBCs.

Metamyelocytes

Metamyelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Monocytes

Monocytes (mono), similar to neutrophils, move to an area of infection and engulf and destroy bacteria. They are associated more often with chronic rather than acute infections. They are also involved in tissue repair and other functions involving the immune system.

MPV

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) - When it indicates average size of platelets are small; older platelets are generally smaller than younger ones and a low MPV may mean that a condition is affecting the production of platelets by the bone marrow. When it indicates a high number of larger, younger platelets in the blood; this may be due to the bone marrow producing and releasing platelets rapidly into circulation.

Myelocytes

Myelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for much of the body's protection against infection. Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream to travel to wherever they are needed.

Nucleated Rbc

Nucleated Red Blood Cells (nRBC) ) the presence of NRBCs in the adult blood is usually associated with malignant neoplasms, bone marrow diseases, and other serious disorders.

Platelet Count

A platelet count is a test to measure how many platelets you have in your blood. Platelets help the blood clot. They are smaller than red or white blood cells.

Promyelocytes

Promyelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

RDW

Red cell distribution width (RDW), which may be included in a CBC, is a calculation of the variation in the size of RBCs.

Reactive Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that exist in both the blood and the lymphatic system. They are divided into three types. The B lymphocytes (B cells) are antibody-producing cells that are essential for acquired, antigen-specific immune responses. The second type are T lymphocytes (T cells) some T cells help the body distinguish between "self" and "non-self" antigens while others initiate and control the extent of an immune response, boosting it as needed and then slowing it as the condition resolves. Other types of T cells directly attack and neutralize virus-infected or cancerous cells. The third type are natural killer cells (NK cells) that directly attack and kill abnormal cells such as cancer cells or those infected with a virus.

Red Blood Cell Count

An RBC count is a blood test that tells how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.

White Blood Cell Count

A WBC count is a test to measure the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help fight infections. They are also called leukocytes. There are five major types of white blood cells: basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), monocytes and neutrophils

Also known as: Chem 12, Chemistry Panel, Chemistry Screen, CMP, Complete Metabolic Panel, Comprehensive Metabolic Panel CMP, SMA 12, SMA 20

Albumin

Albumin is a protein made by the liver. A serum albumin test measures the amount of this protein in the clear liquid portion of the blood.

Albumin/Globulin Ratio

The ratio of albumin to globulin (A/G ratio) is calculated from measured albumin and calculated globulin (total protein - albumin). Normally, there is a little more albumin than globulins, giving a normal A/G ratio of slightly over 1. Because disease states affect the relative amounts of albumin and globulin, the A/G ratio may provide a clue as to the cause of the change in protein levels. A low A/G ratio may reflect overproduction of globulins, such as seen in multiple myeloma or autoimmune diseases, or underproduction of albumin, such as may occur with cirrhosis, or selective loss of albumin from the circulation, as may occur with kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome). A high A/G ratio suggests underproduction of immunoglobulins as may be seen in some genetic deficiencies and in some leukemias. More specific tests, such as liver enzyme tests and serum protein electrophoresis, must be performed to make an accurate diagnosis. With a low total protein that is due to plasma expansion (dilution of the blood), the A/G ratio will typically be normal because both albumin and globulin will be diluted to the same extent.

Alkaline Phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a protein found in all body tissues. Tissues with higher amounts of ALP include the liver, bile ducts, and bone.

Alt

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is an enzyme found in the highest amounts in the liver. Injury to the liver results in release of the substance into the blood.

AST

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in high amounts in liver, heart, and muscle cells. It is also found in lesser amounts in other tissues.

Bilirubin, Total

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid made by the liver. A small amount of older red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells every day. Bilirubin is left after these older blood cells are removed. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool.

Bun/Creatinine Ratio

A ratio between a person’s BUN and blood creatinine to help determine what is causing these concentrations to be higher than normal. The ratio of BUN to creatinine is usually between 10:1 and 20:1. An increased ratio may be due to a condition that causes a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys, such as congestive heart failure or dehydration. It may also be seen with increased protein, from gastrointestinal bleeding, or increased protein in the diet. The ratio may be decreased with liver disease (due to decrease in the formation of urea) and malnutrition.

Calcium

You have more calcium in your body than any other mineral. Calcium has many important jobs. The body stores more than 99 percent of its calcium in the bones and teeth to help make and keep them strong. The rest is throughout the body in blood, muscle and the fluid between cells. Your body needs calcium to help muscles and blood vessels contract and expand, to secrete hormones and enzymes and to send messages through the nervous system.

Carbon Dioxide

CO2 is carbon dioxide. Measures the amount of carbon dioxide in the liquid part of your blood, called the serum. In the body, most of the CO2 is in the form of a substance called bicarbonate (HCO3-). Therefore, the CO2 blood test is really a measure of your blood bicarbonate level.

Chloride

Chloride is a type of electrolyte. It works with other electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, and carbon dioxide (CO2). These substances help keep the proper balance of body fluids and maintain the body's acid-base balance. This is a measure of the amount of chloride in the fluid portion (serum) of the blood.

Creatinine

The creatinine blood test measures the level of creatinine in the blood. This test is done to see how well your kidneys work.

Egfr African American

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. Glomeruli are the tiny filters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood.

Egfr Non-Afr. American

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. Glomeruli are the tiny filters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood.

GFR-AFRICAN AMERICAN

GFR-NON AFRICAN AMERICAN

Globulin

Globulins is the collective term for most blood proteins other than albumin. Identifying the types of globulins can help diagnose certain disorders. Globulins are roughly divided into three groups: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Gamma globulines include various types of antibodies such as immunoglobulins (Ig) M, G, and A.

Glucose

A blood glucose test measures the amount of a sugar called glucose in a sample of your blood. Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells of the body, including those in the brain. The hormones insulin and glucagon help control blood glucose levels.

Potassium

Potassium is a mineral that the body needs to work normally. It helps nerves and muscles communicate. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. A diet rich in potassium helps to offset some of sodium's harmful effects on blood pressure.

Protein, Total

The total protein is the total amount of two classes of proteins, albumin and globulin that are found in the fluid portion of your blood. Proteins are important parts of all cells and tissues. Your albumin helps prevent fluid from leaking out of blood vessels and your globulins are an important part of your immune system.

Sodium

Sodium is a substance that the body needs to work properly it is vital to normal body processes, including nerve and muscle function

Urea Nitrogen (Bun)

BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen. Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down. BUN measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.

Also known as: Gamma Glutamyl Transferase GGT, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Gamma-GT, GGTP, GTP

Ggt

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a test to measure the amount of the enzyme GGT in the blood.

Also known as: A1c, Glycated Hemoglobin, Glycohemoglobin, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, HA1c, HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c, Hemoglobin A1c HgbA1C, Hgb A1c

Hemoglobin A1c

The A1c test evaluates the average amount of glucose in the blood over the last 2 to 3 months. It does this by measuring the concentration of glycated (also often called glycosylated) hemoglobin A1c. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transporting protein found inside red blood cells (RBCs). There are several types of normal hemoglobin, but the predominant form – about 95-98% – is hemoglobin A. As glucose circulates in the blood, some of it spontaneously binds to hemoglobin A. The hemoglobin molecules with attached glucose are called glycated hemoglobin. The higher the concentration of glucose in the blood, the more glycated hemoglobin is formed. Once the glucose binds to the hemoglobin, it remains there for the life of the red blood cell – normally about 120 days. The predominant form of glycated hemoglobin is referred to as HbA1c or A1c. A1c is produced on a daily basis and slowly cleared from the blood as older RBCs die and younger RBCs (with non-glycated hemoglobin) take their place. This test is used to monitor treatment in someone who has been diagnosed with diabetes. It helps to evaluate how well their glucose levels have been controlled by treatment over time. This test may be used to screen for and diagnose diabetes or risk of developing diabetes. In 2010, clinical practice guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) stated that A1c may be added to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as an option for diabetes screening and diagnosis. For monitoring purposes, an A1c of less than 7% indicates good glucose control and a lower risk of diabetic complications for the majority of diabetics. However, in 2012, the ADA and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) issued a position statement recommending that the management of glucose control in type 2 diabetes be more "patient-centered." Data from recent studies have shown that low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can cause complications and that people with risk of severe hypoglycemia, underlying health conditions, complications, and a limited life expectancy do not necessarily benefit from having a stringent goal of less than 7% for their A1c. The statement recommends that people work closely with their doctor to select a goal that reflects each person's individual health status and that balances risks and benefits.

Also known as: C-Reactive Protein, Cardio CRP, Cardio hs-CRP, CRP, High Sensitivity CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein, High-sensitivity CRP, Highly Sensitive CRP, hsCRP, Ultra-sensitive CRP

Hs Crp

A high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) test may be used by itself, in combination with other cardiac risk markers, or in combination with a lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) test that evaluates vascular inflammation. The hs-CRP test accurately detects low concentrations of C-reactive protein to help predict a healthy person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). High-sensitivity CRP is promoted by some as a test for determining a person's risk level for CVD, heart attacks, and strokes. The current thinking is that hs-CRP can play a role in the evaluation process before a person develops one of these health problems.

Also known as: Insulin (fasting)

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that is produced and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas. It is vital for the transportation and storage of glucose at the cellular level, helps regulate blood glucose levels, and has a role in lipid metabolism. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, insulin is released to allow glucose to move into tissue cells, especially muscle and adipose (fat) cells, where is it is used for energy production. Insulin then prompts the liver to either store the remaining excess blood glucose as glycogen for short-term energy storage and/or to use it to produce fatty acids. The fatty acids are eventually used by adipose tissue to synthesize triglycerides to form the basis of a longer term, more concentrated form of energy storage. Without insulin, glucose cannot reach most of the body's cells. Without glucose, the cells starve and blood glucose levels rise to unhealthy levels. This can cause disturbances in normal metabolic processes that result in various disorders, including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and vision and neurological problems. Thus, diabetes, a disorder associated with decreased insulin effects, is eventually a life-threatening condition.

Also known as: Cholesterol, HDL,Fasting Lipids,Cholesterol, LDL, Fasting Lipids, Lipid Panel (fasting), Lipid Profile (fasting), Lipids

Chol/HDLC Ratio

Cholesterol, Total

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that occurs naturally in all parts of the body. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But if you have too much in your blood, it can combine with other substances in the blood and stick to the walls of your arteries. This is called plaque. Plaque can narrow your arteries or even block them. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase your risk of heart disease. Your cholesterol levels tend to rise as you get older. There are usually no signs or symptoms that you have high blood cholesterol, but it can be detected with a blood test. You are likely to have high cholesterol if members of your family have it, if you are overweight or if you eat a lot of fatty foods. You can lower your cholesterol by exercising more and eating more fruits and vegetables. You also may need to take medicine to lower your cholesterol.

HDL Cholesterol

LDL-Cholesterol

Non HDL Cholesterol

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a form of fat and a major source of energy for the body. This test measures the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Most triglycerides are found in fat (adipose) tissue, but some triglycerides circulate in the blood to provide fuel for muscles to work. After a person eats, an increased level of triglycerides is found in the blood as the body converts the energy not needed right away into fat. Triglycerides move via the blood from the gut to adipose tissue for storage. In between meals, triglycerides are released from fat tissue to be used as an energy source for the body. Most triglycerides are carried in the blood by lipoproteins called very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High levels of triglycerides in the blood are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the reason for this is not well understood. Certain factors can contribute to high triglyceride levels and to risk of CVD, including lack of exercise, being overweight, smoking cigarettes, consuming excess alcohol, and medical conditions such as diabetes and kidney disease.

Also known as: UA, Complete, Urinalysis UA Complete, Urine Analysis, Complete

Amorphous Sediment

Appearance

Bacteria

Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. Most bacteria won't hurt you - less than 1 percent of the different types make people sick. Many are helpful. Some bacteria help to digest food, destroy disease-causing cells, and give the body needed vitamins. But infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick. Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid made by the liver. A small amount of older red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells every day. Bilirubin is left after these older blood cells are removed. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool.

Calcium Oxalate Crystals

Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms envelope-shaped crystals. A major constituent of human kidney stones.

Casts

Urinary casts are cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states. They form in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of nephrons, then dislodge and pass into the urine, where they can be detected by microscopy.

Color

Crystals

Abnormal crystals may appear in urine as a result of pathology or due to normal catabolism

Glucose

A blood glucose test measures the amount of a sugar called glucose in a sample of your blood. Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells of the body, including those in the brain. The hormones insulin and glucagon help control blood glucose levels.

Granular Cast

The second-most common type of cast, granular casts can result either from the breakdown of cellular casts or the inclusion of aggregates of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) or immunoglobulin light chains. Depending on the size of inclusions, they can be classified as fine or coarse, though the distinction has no diagnostic significance. Their appearance is generally more cigar-shaped and of a higher refractive index than hyaline casts. While most often indicative of chronic renal disease, these casts, as with hyaline casts, can also be seen for a short time following strenuous exercise

Hyaline Cast

Urinary casts are tiny tube-shaped particles. Urinary casts may be made up of white blood cells, red blood cells, kidney cells, or substances such as protein or fat. The most common type of cast, hyaline casts are solidified Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein secreted from the tubular epithelial cells of individual nephrons. Low urine flow, concentrated urine, or an acidic environment can contribute to the formation of hyaline casts, and, as such, they may be seen in normal individuals in dehydration or vigorous exercise. Hyaline casts are cylindrical and clear, with a low refractive index,

Ketones

Ketones are substances produced in the liver when fat cells break down in the blood. A serum ketone test is a measurement of how many ketones are in the blood.

Leukocyte Esterase

Leukocyte esterase is a urine test to look for white blood cells and other signs associated with infection.

Nitrite

Occult Blood

The test looks for hidden (occult) blood in a specimen sample. It can find blood even if you cannot see it yourself.

Ph

Level of acid

Protein

Body fluids contain many different proteins that serve diverse functions such as transport of nutrients, removal of toxins, control of metabolic processes, and defense against invaders. Protein electrophoresis is a method for separating these proteins based on their size and electrical charge. When body fluids are separated by electrophoresis, they form a characteristic pattern of bands of different widths and intensities, reflecting the mixture of proteins present. This pattern is divided into five fractions, called albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma. In some cases, the beta fraction is further divided into beta 1 and beta 2. Albumin, which is produced in the liver, accounts for about 60% of the protein in the blood. "Globulins" is a collective term used to refer to proteins other than albumin. With the exception of the immunoglobulins and some complement proteins, most of the globulins are also produced in the liver. Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a method used to identify abnormal bands seen on serum, urine, or CSF protein electrophoresis, as to which type of antibody (immunoglobulin) is present.

Rbc

RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.

Reducing Substances

Renal Epithelial Cells

Specific Gravity

Squamous Epithelial Cells

Transitional Epithelial

Triple Phosphate Crystals

Struvite stones (triple phosphate/magnesium ammonium phosphate) - about 10–15% of urinary calculi are composed of struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate, NH4MgPO4·6H2O).[44] Struvite stones (also known as "infection stones", urease or triple-phosphate stones), form most often in the presence of infection by urea-splitting bacteria

Uric Acid Crystals

Abnormal crystals may appear in urine as a result of pathology or due to normal catabolism

WBC

WBCs help fight infections. They are also called leukocytes. There are five major types of white blood cells: basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), monocytes and neutrophils

YEAST

Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is a fungus that lives almost everywhere, including in your body. Usually, your immune system keeps yeast under control. If you are sick or taking antibiotics, it can multiply and cause an infection.
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The Functional Panel Semi-Annual Follow Up panel contains 9 tests with 94 biomarkers .

The Functional Panel Semi-Annual Follow Up is a comprehensive suite of tests designed to evaluate various aspects of health. Each test included in the panel serves a specific purpose in understanding and monitoring your overall health and well-being. Here's a breakdown of the benefits of each test category:

Heart Health

  • Triglycerides: High levels of triglycerides can increase the risk of coronary artery disease, especially when combined with low HDL cholesterol or high LDL cholesterol.
  • Total Cholesterol: This is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your blood. High levels can increase the risk of heart disease, though it's important to look at the types of cholesterol (HDL, LDL) as well.
  • LDL Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol): Often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, high levels of LDL can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the arteries and increased risk of heart disease.
  • HDL Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol): Known as "good" cholesterol, higher levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of heart disease as it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.
  • Non-HDL Cholesterol: This number is calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from total cholesterol and represents all the "bad" types of cholesterol. Higher values are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
  • Cholesterol / HDL Ratio: This ratio is calculated by dividing the total cholesterol by the HDL cholesterol. A lower ratio indicates a lower risk of heart disease.
  • High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP): This test measures the level of C-reactive protein in the blood, which can indicate inflammation in the body. Elevated hsCRP levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and can be a marker of inflammation associated with atherosclerosis.

Each of these tests provides valuable information about different aspects of heart health, helping to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease and guide appropriate preventative or therapeutic measures.

Immune Regulation

  • High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP): This test measures the level of C-reactive protein in the blood, which is a marker of inflammation in the body. High levels of hsCRP are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and can also indicate other inflammatory conditions. It is particularly useful for assessing heart disease risk in individuals with other risk factors.
  • White Blood Cell (WBC) Count: The WBC count is a measure of the total number of white blood cells in a blood sample. White blood cells are crucial for the body's immune response. Abnormal levels can indicate a variety of conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, and immune system disorders.
  • Neutrophils (% and Absolute): Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell important for fighting infections, especially bacterial infections. The test measures both the percentage and absolute count of neutrophils. Elevated or decreased levels can indicate infections, inflammation, or bone marrow problems.
  • Lymphocytes (% and Absolute): Lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell, play a key role in the body's immune response, especially in fighting viral infections and in overall immune system health. Abnormal lymphocyte levels can suggest viral infections, certain cancers, or immune system disorders.
  • Monocytes (% and Absolute): Monocytes are white blood cells that help fight off bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. They also assist in removing dead or damaged tissue and regulating immune response. Changes in monocyte levels can indicate chronic inflammation, infection, or other immune-related conditions.
  • Eosinophils (% and Absolute): Eosinophils are involved in the body’s response to allergens and are also important in fighting off parasitic infections. High levels of eosinophils can indicate allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and certain autoimmune disorders.
  • Basophils (% and Absolute): Basophils are the least common type of white blood cell but play a role in immune responses to allergens and parasites. Elevated basophil levels can be seen in allergic reactions, chronic inflammatory disorders, and certain blood disorders.

Each of these tests provides insight into different aspects of the immune system. They can help identify the presence of infections, inflammatory diseases, immune system imbalances, and allergic responses. Understanding the levels and behavior of these cells is crucial in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing various health conditions related to the immune system.

Metabolic Health

  • Glucose: The glucose test measures the concentration of glucose in the blood. It's a primary test for diagnosing diabetes and is also used to monitor blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. Maintaining normal blood glucose levels is crucial for preventing the long-term complications of diabetes, including damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
  • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): This test measures the average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months by assessing the percentage of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, that is coated with sugar (glycated). It's used to diagnose and monitor diabetes and to gauge how well the individual is managing their blood sugar over time.
  • Insulin: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. An insulin test can help evaluate insulin production and diagnose insulin resistance (common in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Abnormally high or low insulin levels can indicate various metabolic disorders and guide treatment strategies.

Each of these tests provides important information about the body's metabolic processes, particularly related to energy regulation, blood sugar control, and the risk of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Understanding these levels can help in diagnosing metabolic conditions, guiding dietary and lifestyle changes, and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments.

Liver Function

Each test in the Liver category plays a vital role in assessing liver health and function. Here are their explanations and benefits:

  • Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT): GGT is an enzyme found in many body tissues, but mainly in the liver. Elevated levels of GGT can indicate liver damage or disease, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. It's also sensitive to alcohol use and can be elevated in chronic alcoholism.
  • Total Protein: This test measures the total amount of protein in the blood and can help evaluate liver function. Abnormal levels can indicate liver disease or other medical conditions like kidney disease or nutritional problems.
  • Albumin: Albumin is the main protein made by the liver and is an important measure of liver function. Low levels of albumin can suggest liver damage or disease, as well as kidney disease or malnutrition.
  • Total Bilirubin: Bilirubin is a waste product processed by the liver. High levels can indicate liver disease or other conditions like gallstones or hemolytic anemia. It is also a common marker for jaundice.
  • Aspartate Transaminase (AST): AST is an enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. Elevated levels of AST can indicate liver damage, but since AST is also present in other organs, it is usually measured alongside other tests like ALT.
  • Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): ALT is an enzyme mostly found in the liver. High levels of ALT are more specific to liver damage than AST and can indicate liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
  • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): ALP is an enzyme found in the liver, bones, and other tissues. Elevated levels can indicate liver disease or bone disorders. In liver conditions, high ALP often accompanies blockage of bile ducts, liver infections, or tumors.

These liver tests are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases and conditions affecting liver function. They provide vital information on the liver's ability to perform its essential functions, such as protein synthesis, processing of waste products, and metabolism of various substances. Abnormal results can lead to further investigation and guide treatment decisions.

Kidney Function

  • Albumin - Urine (Microalbumin): This test checks for the presence of albumin in urine, which is an early marker of kidney damage. Normally, albumin is not present in urine, so its presence can indicate a problem with kidney function, often seen in conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): BUN measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from the waste product urea. High levels can indicate that the kidneys are not working properly, while low levels can be caused by liver disease or malnutrition.
  • Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product produced by normal muscle breakdown. Measuring creatinine levels in the blood helps assess kidney function. Elevated creatinine levels can indicate kidney damage or reduced kidney function.
  • BUN/Creatinine Ratio: This ratio is used to differentiate between causes of kidney dysfunction. It can help distinguish between problems in the kidney itself (like acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease) and conditions that affect blood flow to the kidney, such as dehydration or gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Globulin: Globulin is a type of protein in the blood. Abnormal levels can be a sign of various conditions including liver or kidney disease, immune disorders, and nutritional problems.
  • Albumin/Globulin Ratio: This ratio compares the levels of albumin to globulin in the blood. An abnormal ratio can indicate kidney disease, liver disease, or problems with protein production.
  • Chloride: Chloride is an electrolyte that helps balance fluids in the body. Abnormal chloride levels can be a sign of kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or other metabolic disorders.
  • Calcium: Calcium is essential for various bodily functions and its level is partly regulated by the kidneys. Abnormal levels can indicate kidney disease, parathyroid disorders, bone disease, or other health conditions.
  • Potassium: Potassium is another key electrolyte, and the kidneys play a crucial role in regulating its levels. High or low potassium can indicate kidney problems, as well as issues related to diet, medications, or other organ systems.
  • Sodium: Sodium is vital for fluid balance and nerve function. Abnormal sodium levels can be caused by kidney disease, dehydration, and a variety of other conditions.
  • Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR): eGFR is a calculation based on blood creatinine levels, age, race, and gender. It estimates how well the kidneys are filtering blood. Low eGFR levels can indicate kidney disease.

These tests collectively provide a comprehensive evaluation of kidney function and help diagnose and monitor kidney diseases and conditions that affect kidney performance. Understanding these levels is crucial for managing kidney health and preventing kidney-related complications.

Electrolytes

  • Sodium: Sodium is a key electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and is essential for nerve and muscle function. The sodium test measures the level of sodium in the blood. Abnormal sodium levels can be indicative of a variety of conditions including dehydration, kidney disease, heart failure, and hormonal imbalances.
  • Calcium: Calcium is critical for healthy bones and teeth, blood clotting, and the functioning of the nervous system and muscles. The calcium test measures the level of calcium in the blood. Abnormal levels can indicate bone disorders, kidney disease, thyroid issues, and other metabolic conditions.
  • Potassium: Potassium is vital for cell function, especially for muscle contraction and nerve transmission. The potassium test measures its level in the blood. High or low levels can affect the heart rhythm and are often related to kidney function, dehydration, and medications.
  • Chloride: Chloride, often paired with sodium, helps control fluids and maintain electrolyte balance. The chloride test measures the level of chloride in the blood. Abnormal levels can indicate dehydration, kidney disease, or other conditions that affect fluid balance.
  • Carbon Dioxide: In this context, carbon dioxide usually refers to the bicarbonate level in the blood. It is an important part of the body's mechanism for maintaining the pH balance. Abnormal levels can be a sign of respiratory or metabolic issues.

Each of these electrolyte tests provides critical information about the body's fluid and electrolyte balance, which is essential for normal cellular function, muscle function, nerve function, and overall homeostasis. Abnormalities in electrolyte levels can lead to various symptoms and are indicators of underlying health issues that may require treatment.

Blood Health

  • Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count: Measures the number of red blood cells in a blood sample. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and return carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs. An abnormal count can indicate conditions like anemia, dehydration, or bone marrow disorders.
  • Hemoglobin: This test measures the amount of hemoglobin, an oxygen-carrying protein, in the blood. Low levels can indicate anemia, while high levels can suggest conditions like polycythemia vera or lung disease.
  • Hematocrit: Hematocrit measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. It helps diagnose anemia, polycythemia, and other conditions affecting red blood cells.
  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): MCV indicates the average size of red blood cells. It helps in diagnosing different types of anemia, with high MCV indicating macrocytic anemia and low MCV indicating microcytic anemia.
  • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): MCHC measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It's useful in identifying the cause of anemia and assessing red blood cell health.
  • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): MCH measures the average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell. It helps in diagnosing different types of anemia.
  • Platelet Count: This test measures the number of platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. Low platelet count can lead to excessive bleeding, while a high count may increase the risk of clotting disorders.
  • Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW): RDW measures the variation in size of red blood cells. High RDW can indicate a mixed population of small and large red blood cells, commonly seen in various types of anemia.
  • Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): MPV assesses the average size of platelets in the blood. It can provide information about platelet production in the bone marrow and can be useful in diagnosing certain blood disorders.

Each of these tests gives important information about the blood and can help diagnose a range of conditions, from anemia and clotting disorders to infections and chronic diseases. Understanding these results can guide appropriate treatment and management of various health issues.

Urine

  • pH: This measures the acidity or alkalinity of urine. An abnormal pH can indicate kidney stones, urinary tract infections, or other metabolic disorders.
  • Specific Gravity: This assesses urine concentration, reflecting hydration status and kidney function. Abnormal values can indicate conditions like dehydration, kidney disorders, or diabetes insipidus.
  • Glucose: Normally absent in urine, glucose presence can indicate diabetes or other conditions that elevate blood glucose levels.
  • Protein: Protein in urine can suggest kidney damage or disease, as healthy kidneys don’t usually allow significant protein filtration into urine.
  • Bilirubin: Presence of bilirubin in urine can be an early sign of liver disease, indicating problems with liver function or bile ducts.
  • Ketones: Ketones in urine are common in uncontrolled diabetes, indicating that the body is using fat for energy instead of glucose, and can also occur during prolonged fasting or a low-carbohydrate diet.
  • Appearance: The visual aspect of urine can indicate various conditions. For example, cloudy urine can suggest an infection, and unusual colors can be due to certain foods, medications, or health conditions.
  • White Blood Cell (WBC): WBCs in urine are a sign of inflammation or infection, typically in the urinary tract.
  • Red Blood Cell (RBC): The presence of RBCs can indicate conditions causing bleeding in the urinary tract, such as infections, kidney stones, or tumors.
  • Nitrite: Nitrite in urine is a sign of bacterial infection, as certain bacteria convert nitrates into nitrites.
  • Leukocytes: Similar to WBCs, leukocytes in urine indicate inflammation or infection.
  • Occult Blood: Occult blood can point to urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or more serious conditions like tumors.
  • Color: Urine color can vary based on hydration, diet, medications, or health conditions. Unusual colors can be a sign of disease.
  • Bacteria: The presence of bacteria usually indicates a urinary tract infection.
  • Hyaline Casts: These are cylindrical structures that can be present in urine. While a few hyaline casts can be normal, increased numbers may indicate kidney disease.
  • Squamous Epithelial Cells: These cells from the skin or urethra can be present due to contamination. Large amounts might suggest improper sample collection or infection.
  • Albumin - Urine (Microalbumin): Detecting small amounts of albumin (microalbuminuria) is important in identifying early kidney disease, especially in individuals with risk factors like diabetes or hypertension.
  • Creatinine - Urine: Urine creatinine levels are used to evaluate kidney function and to normalize other tests (like albumin) for urine concentration.
  • Albumin/Creatinine Ratio - Urine: This ratio helps detect early kidney disease by compensating for urine concentration variations. It's especially important in monitoring individuals with conditions that predispose them to kidney damage.

Each of these tests provides important insights into the health of the urinary system and can also indicate systemic conditions. They are valuable tools in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing a variety of medical conditions.

Each of these blood tests provides important information about the overall health and function of the blood. They are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of conditions, including anemia, clotting disorders, and other hematological diseases.

In summary, the Functional Lab Panel provides a comprehensive overview of various aspects of your health, allowing for early detection and management of potential health issues.

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