Ulta Lab Tests

Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel includes 9 tests and 44 biomarkers for advanced insight into insulin production, pancreatic function, autoimmune diabetes markers, short-term glucose control, cholesterol particles, fat metabolism, and urine health. It complements Part 1 by expanding foundational glucose, insulin, inflammation, lipid, and kidney testing into deeper diabetes and insulin resistance risk evaluation.

Blood, Urine
Blood Draw, Urine Collection
Advanced Diabetes Blood Test Panel, Advanced Insulin Resistance Lab Panel, Diabetes Autoimmune Marker Panel, C-Peptide and Proinsulin Panel, Pancreatic Function Diabetes Panel, Diabetes Antibody Blood Test Panel, GAD-65 and IA-2 Antibody Panel,

The following is a list of what is included in the item above. Click the test(s) below to view what biomarkers are measured along with an explanation of what the biomarker is measuring.

Adiponectin

Apolipoprotein A1

Apolipoprotein B

Apolipoprotein B/A1 Ratio

Also known as: C-Terminal Insulin, Connecting peptide insulin, CPeptide, Insulin C-peptide, Proinsulin C-peptide

C-Peptide

Fructosamine

Also known as: Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase65 Antibody

Glutamic Acid

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Antibody

IA-2 Antibody

Also known as: Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility , HDL Subfractions, IDL Subfractions, LDL Subfractions, Lipoprotein Fraction, Lipoprotein Fractionation, Lipoprotein Fractionation Ion Mobility Cardio IQ, Quest Diagnostics has replaced the VAP® Cholesterol Test with Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ™ test

HDL Large

LDL Medium

LDL Particle Number

LDL Pattern

LDL Peak Size

LDL Small

Proinsulin

Also known as: UA, Complete, Urinalysis UA Complete, Urine Analysis, Complete

Amorphous Sediment (Only Reported If Detected)

Appearance

Bacteria

Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. Most bacteria won't hurt you - less than 1 percent of the different types make people sick. Many are helpful. Some bacteria help to digest food, destroy disease-causing cells, and give the body needed vitamins. But infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick. Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid made by the liver. A small amount of older red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells every day. Bilirubin is left after these older blood cells are removed. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool.

Calcium Oxalate Crystals (Only Reported If Detected)

Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms envelope-shaped crystals. A major constituent of human kidney stones.

Casts (Only Reported If Detected)

Urinary casts are cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states. They form in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of nephrons, then dislodge and pass into the urine, where they can be detected by microscopy.

Color

Crystals (Only Reported If Detected)

Abnormal crystals may appear in urine as a result of pathology or due to normal catabolism

Glucose

A blood glucose test measures the amount of a sugar called glucose in a sample of your blood. Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells of the body, including those in the brain. The hormones insulin and glucagon help control blood glucose levels.

Granular Cast (Only Reported If Detected)

The second-most common type of cast, granular casts can result either from the breakdown of cellular casts or the inclusion of aggregates of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) or immunoglobulin light chains. Depending on the size of inclusions, they can be classified as fine or coarse, though the distinction has no diagnostic significance. Their appearance is generally more cigar-shaped and of a higher refractive index than hyaline casts. While most often indicative of chronic renal disease, these casts, as with hyaline casts, can also be seen for a short time following strenuous exercise

Hyaline Cast

Urinary casts are tiny tube-shaped particles. Urinary casts may be made up of white blood cells, red blood cells, kidney cells, or substances such as protein or fat. The most common type of cast, hyaline casts are solidified Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein secreted from the tubular epithelial cells of individual nephrons. Low urine flow, concentrated urine, or an acidic environment can contribute to the formation of hyaline casts, and, as such, they may be seen in normal individuals in dehydration or vigorous exercise. Hyaline casts are cylindrical and clear, with a low refractive index,

Ketones

Ketones are substances produced in the liver when fat cells break down in the blood. A serum ketone test is a measurement of how many ketones are in the blood.

Leukocyte Esterase

Leukocyte esterase is a urine test to look for white blood cells and other signs associated with infection.

Nitrite

Occult Blood

The test looks for hidden (occult) blood in a specimen sample. It can find blood even if you cannot see it yourself.

Ph

Level of acid

Protein

Body fluids contain many different proteins that serve diverse functions such as transport of nutrients, removal of toxins, control of metabolic processes, and defense against invaders. Protein electrophoresis is a method for separating these proteins based on their size and electrical charge. When body fluids are separated by electrophoresis, they form a characteristic pattern of bands of different widths and intensities, reflecting the mixture of proteins present. This pattern is divided into five fractions, called albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma. In some cases, the beta fraction is further divided into beta 1 and beta 2. Albumin, which is produced in the liver, accounts for about 60% of the protein in the blood. "Globulins" is a collective term used to refer to proteins other than albumin. With the exception of the immunoglobulins and some complement proteins, most of the globulins are also produced in the liver. Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a method used to identify abnormal bands seen on serum, urine, or CSF protein electrophoresis, as to which type of antibody (immunoglobulin) is present.

Rbc

RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.

Reducing Substances (Only Reported If Detected)

Renal Epithelial Cells (Only Reported If Detected)

Specific Gravity

Squamous Epithelial Cells

Transitional Epithelial (Only Reported If Detected)

Triple Phosphate Crystals (Only Reported If Detected)

Struvite stones (triple phosphate/magnesium ammonium phosphate) - about 10–15% of urinary calculi are composed of struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate, NH4MgPO4·6H2O).[44] Struvite stones (also known as "infection stones", urease or triple-phosphate stones), form most often in the presence of infection by urea-splitting bacteria

Uric Acid Crystals (Only Reported If Detected)

Abnormal crystals may appear in urine as a result of pathology or due to normal catabolism

WBC

WBCs help fight infections. They are also called leukocytes. There are five major types of white blood cells: basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), monocytes and neutrophils

YEAST (Only Reported If Detected)

Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is a fungus that lives almost everywhere, including in your body. Usually, your immune system keeps yeast under control. If you are sick or taking antibiotics, it can multiply and cause an infection.
*Important Information on Lab Test Processing Times: Ulta Lab Tests is committed to informing you about the processing times for your lab tests processed through a national lab. Please note that the estimated processing time for each test, indicated in business days, is based on data from the past 30 days across the 13 laboratories for each test. These estimates are intended to serve as a guide and are not guarantees. Factors such as laboratory workload, weather conditions, holidays, and the need for additional testing or maintenance can influence actual processing times. We aim to offer estimates to help you plan accordingly. Please understand that these times may vary, and processing times are not guaranteed. Thank you for choosing Ulta Lab Tests for your laboratory needs.

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel contains 9 tests with 43 biomarkers .

Advanced Insight Into Insulin Production, Autoimmune Diabetes Risk, Cholesterol Particles, Urine Health, and Glucose Patterns

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel includes 9 tests and 44 biomarkers designed to provide deeper insight into advanced diabetes risk, insulin production, pancreatic function, autoimmune diabetes markers, cholesterol particle patterns, short-term glucose control, fat metabolism, and urine health.

This panel goes beyond standard blood sugar screening by evaluating markers that may help clarify why glucose or insulin patterns are abnormal. It can be especially useful for people who want a more advanced look at insulin resistance, diabetes risk, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk, and possible autoimmune contributors to blood sugar imbalance.

When used alongside Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 1, this panel provides a more complete picture of metabolic health by expanding from foundational diabetes and insulin resistance testing into advanced insulin, antibody, lipid particle, and urine analysis.

How Part 2 Complements Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 1

Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 1 focuses on foundational metabolic markers such as glucose, Hemoglobin A1c, insulin, glucose tolerance, insulin response to glucose, inflammation, cholesterol, kidney risk, blood counts, and overall metabolic function.

Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 expands that evaluation by adding advanced markers that help assess:

  • Insulin production and pancreatic beta-cell function
  • Autoimmune diabetes-related antibodies
  • Shorter-term blood sugar trends
  • Fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity
  • Advanced cholesterol and lipoprotein particle patterns
  • Urine health and possible kidney or metabolic clues

Together, Part 1 and Part 2 can help create a more comprehensive diabetes and insulin resistance profile. Part 1 helps identify broad blood sugar, insulin, inflammation, cholesterol, and kidney patterns, while Part 2 helps provide deeper insight into the mechanisms behind those patterns.

Why This Panel Matters

Diabetes and insulin resistance are not always caused by the same underlying issues. Some people may have elevated insulin levels from insulin resistance, while others may have reduced insulin production, pancreatic stress, autoimmune markers, or cholesterol particle patterns that increase cardiometabolic risk.

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel helps evaluate important questions such as:

  • Is the pancreas producing enough insulin?
  • Are glucose patterns changing over the shorter term?
  • Are autoimmune markers present that may affect insulin production?
  • Are cholesterol particles showing increased cardiovascular risk?
  • Are fat-cell hormones suggesting insulin resistance or metabolic dysfunction?
  • Are there urine findings that may need follow-up?

This added layer of testing may help individuals and healthcare providers make more informed decisions about prevention, monitoring, lifestyle changes, and provider-guided care.

Who May Benefit From This Panel?

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel may be helpful for people who want deeper insight into:

  • Insulin resistance
  • Prediabetes risk
  • Type 2 diabetes risk
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Unexplained blood sugar changes
  • Abnormal A1c or glucose results
  • Concerns about insulin production
  • Family history of diabetes
  • Possible autoimmune diabetes patterns
  • Elevated cholesterol or cardiovascular risk
  • Weight gain, belly fat, or metabolic slowdown
  • Need for advanced follow-up after basic diabetes screening

This panel may also be useful for people who have already completed foundational testing and want a more detailed view of diabetes-related risk factors.

What Is Included in This Panel?

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel includes the following tests:

  • Adiponectin
  • Apolipoprotein A1 + B
  • C-Peptide
  • Fructosamine
  • Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Antibody
  • IA-2 Antibody
  • Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ™
  • Proinsulin
  • Urinalysis, Complete

Test Details

Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate glucose metabolism and fatty acid breakdown. It plays an important role in insulin sensitivity and metabolic health.

Low adiponectin levels may be associated with insulin resistance, visceral fat, metabolic syndrome, and increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Measuring adiponectin can provide insight into how effectively the body supports fat metabolism and glucose regulation.

Apolipoprotein A1 + B

Apolipoprotein A1 and Apolipoprotein B provide information about cholesterol transport and cardiovascular risk.

Apolipoprotein A1 is associated with HDL cholesterol activity, which helps transport cholesterol away from arteries. Apolipoprotein B is found on atherogenic particles such as LDL and VLDL, which can contribute to plaque buildup. The balance between these markers can help evaluate cardiometabolic risk, especially in people with insulin resistance or diabetes risk.

C-Peptide

C-Peptide is released when the body produces insulin. Because it is created in equal amounts with insulin, it can help show how much insulin the pancreas is producing.

C-Peptide testing may help distinguish between low insulin production and insulin resistance. It can also provide insight into pancreatic beta-cell function, which is important when evaluating diabetes risk and blood sugar regulation.

Fructosamine

Fructosamine reflects average blood sugar levels over a shorter period than Hemoglobin A1c, typically about two to three weeks.

This test can be useful when recent changes in blood sugar control need to be evaluated or when A1c may not fully reflect short-term glucose patterns. It provides another way to assess how well blood sugar is being managed.

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Antibody

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Antibody, often called GAD-65 antibody, is an autoimmune marker that may be associated with autoimmune diabetes.

The presence of this antibody may suggest immune activity directed toward insulin-producing pancreatic cells. This can be helpful when evaluating possible type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, or unexplained changes in insulin production.

IA-2 Antibody

IA-2 Antibody is another autoimmune diabetes-related marker. It may be present when the immune system is affecting pancreatic beta cells.

Testing IA-2 antibodies can help provide additional information when autoimmune diabetes is a concern, especially when blood sugar patterns do not fit typical insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes patterns.

Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ™

Lipoprotein Fractionation by Ion Mobility provides an advanced look at cholesterol particle size and number. This can offer more detailed cardiometabolic risk information than a standard lipid panel alone.

People with insulin resistance or diabetes risk may have a higher number of small, dense LDL particles or other lipoprotein changes that can increase cardiovascular risk. This test helps evaluate cholesterol particle patterns that may not be obvious from basic cholesterol values.

Proinsulin

Proinsulin is the precursor molecule that is converted into insulin. Measuring proinsulin can help assess pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin processing.

Elevated proinsulin may suggest that the pancreas is under stress or working harder to produce insulin. This can be relevant in insulin resistance, early diabetes risk, and metabolic dysfunction.

Urinalysis, Complete

A complete urinalysis evaluates urine appearance, concentration, chemical markers, and microscopic findings. It may provide information about hydration, kidney function, urinary tract health, glucose in urine, protein in urine, and other metabolic or urinary concerns.

For diabetes and insulin resistance evaluation, urinalysis can help identify findings that may suggest glucose spillover, kidney stress, infection, or other issues that warrant follow-up.

How This Panel Can Help

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel can help provide advanced insight into metabolic health by evaluating:

  • Pancreatic insulin production
  • Beta-cell stress and insulin processing
  • Autoimmune diabetes-related markers
  • Short-term blood sugar patterns
  • Insulin sensitivity and fat metabolism
  • Advanced cardiovascular risk through lipoprotein particle testing
  • Urine findings related to kidney, glucose, and urinary health

This information can support more personalized conversations with a healthcare provider and may help guide next steps for prevention, monitoring, lifestyle changes, or additional testing.

Benefits of Ordering This Panel

Expands Beyond Standard Diabetes Screening

This panel includes advanced markers that go beyond glucose and A1c to evaluate insulin production, autoimmune antibodies, proinsulin, fructosamine, and lipid particle patterns.

Helps Clarify Insulin Production

C-Peptide and proinsulin can help provide insight into how the pancreas is producing and processing insulin.

Evaluates Autoimmune Diabetes Markers

GAD-65 antibody and IA-2 antibody may help identify autoimmune patterns that can affect insulin-producing cells.

Provides Advanced Cardiometabolic Risk Insight

Apolipoproteins and lipoprotein fractionation help evaluate cholesterol particle patterns that may be important in insulin resistance and diabetes-related cardiovascular risk.

Complements Foundational Diabetes Testing

When paired with Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 1, this panel provides a more complete view of blood sugar control, insulin response, inflammation, cardiovascular risk, kidney risk, autoimmune markers, and pancreatic function.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel?

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel is an advanced blood and urine testing panel that evaluates insulin production, pancreatic function, autoimmune diabetes markers, short-term glucose patterns, advanced cholesterol particle risk, adiponectin, and urine health.

How many tests and biomarkers are included?

This panel includes 9 tests and 44 biomarkers.

How is Part 2 different from Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 1?

Part 1 focuses on foundational diabetes and insulin resistance markers such as glucose, A1c, insulin, glucose tolerance, insulin response, CRP, CBC, CMP, lipids, and urine microalbumin. Part 2 adds advanced testing for insulin production, proinsulin, C-peptide, autoimmune antibodies, fructosamine, adiponectin, apolipoproteins, lipoprotein fractionation, and urinalysis.

Should Part 1 and Part 2 be ordered together?

Part 1 and Part 2 can complement each other. Part 1 provides a broad foundation for blood sugar, insulin response, inflammation, cholesterol, and kidney risk, while Part 2 provides deeper insight into pancreatic function, autoimmune diabetes markers, advanced lipid particles, and short-term glucose patterns.

Why is C-Peptide included?

C-Peptide helps show how much insulin the pancreas is producing. It can provide insight into whether abnormal glucose patterns may be related to low insulin production, insulin resistance, or pancreatic beta-cell function.

Why is proinsulin included?

Proinsulin helps evaluate how the pancreas is processing insulin. Elevated proinsulin may suggest beta-cell stress or increased demand for insulin production.

Why are GAD-65 and IA-2 antibodies included?

GAD-65 and IA-2 antibodies are autoimmune markers that may be associated with immune activity affecting insulin-producing pancreatic cells. They can be useful when autoimmune diabetes patterns are a concern.

Why is fructosamine included?

Fructosamine reflects average blood sugar over a shorter time period than A1c, usually about two to three weeks. It can help evaluate recent changes in glucose control.

Why is advanced lipoprotein testing included?

Insulin resistance and diabetes risk are often associated with cholesterol particle changes. Lipoprotein fractionation by ion mobility provides more detailed information about particle size and number, which may help evaluate cardiometabolic risk.

Does this panel diagnose diabetes?

This panel provides lab information that may help evaluate diabetes risk, insulin resistance, autoimmune markers, and related metabolic patterns. Diagnosis should be made by a qualified healthcare provider using lab results, symptoms, medical history, and clinical guidelines.

Take a Deeper Look at Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Risk

The Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel provides advanced insight into the biological factors that may influence blood sugar control, insulin production, pancreatic function, autoimmune diabetes risk, cholesterol particle patterns, and urine health.

For the most complete view, consider how this panel works alongside Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 1. Together, they can help build a more detailed picture of metabolic health, insulin resistance, diabetes risk, cardiovascular risk, and kidney-related concerns.

Order the Diabetes & Insulin Resistance Tests Part 2 panel today to gain deeper insight into your metabolic health.

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