Heart Attack Risk - 10 Key Lab Tests to Understand Your Risk of Sudden Heart Failure - [SAVE 20%]

Apolipoprotein A1 (APO A1) has been reported to be a better predictor than HDL cholesterol and triglycerides for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Low levels of APO A1 in serum are associated with increased risk of CAD. The measurement of APO A1 may be of value in identifying patients with atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein B (APO B) has been reported to be a more powerful indicator of CAD than total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol in angiographic CAD and in survivors of myocardial infarction. In some patients with CAD, APO B is elevated even in the presence of normal LDL cholesterol.

This test determines the subtypes of apoe which will aid in the risk assessment of corornary heart disease (CHD) and hyperlipoproteinemia.

There is a correlation between increased risk of premature heart disease with decreasing size of LDL particles. Ion mobility offers the only direct measurement of lipoprotein particle size and concentration for each lipoprotein from HDL3 to large VLDL.

• hs-CRP [ 10124 ]
• Lipid Panel with Ratios [ 19543 ]

• Apolipoprotein A1 + B [ 7018 ]
• hs-CRP [ 10124 ]
• Lipid Panel with Ratios [ 19543 ]
• Lipoprotein (A) [ 34604 ]
• Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ™ [ 91604 ]
• VLDL Cholesterol [ 319 ]
   

• Apolipoprotein A1 + B [ 7018 ]
• Direct LDL [ 8293 ]
• hs-CRP [ 10124 ]
• Lipid Panel with Ratios [ 19543 ]
• Lipoprotein (A) [ 34604 ]
• Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ™ [ 91604 ]
• LP PLA2 ACTIVITY [ 94267 ]
• VLDL Cholesterol [ 319 ]
   

• ApoE Genotype, Cardio IQ™ [ 90649 ]
• Apolipoprotein A1 + B [ 7018 ]
• Direct LDL [ 8293 ]
• hs-CRP [ 10124 ]
• Lipid Panel with Ratios [ 19543 ]
• Lipoprotein (A) [ 34604 ]
• Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ™ [ 91604 ]
• LP PLA2 ACTIVITY [ 94267 ]
• VLDL Cholesterol [ 319 ]
   

LDL cholesterol is a key factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), while HDL cholesterol has often been observed to have a protective effect. Even within the normal range of total cholesterol concentrations, an increase in LDL cholesterol can produce an associated increased risk for CAD. LDL cholesterol binds to receptor sites on macrophages in blood vessel walls inciting several changes to the blood wall which enhance atherosclerotic plaque development.

A lipid panel includes:Total cholesterol —this test measures all of the cholesterol in all the lipoprotein particles.High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) — measures the cholesterol in HDL particles; often called "good cholesterol" because it removes excess cholesterol and carries it to the liver for removal.Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) — calculates the cholesterol in LDL particles; often called "bad cholesterol" because it deposits excess cholesterol in walls of blood vessels, which can contribute to atherosclerosis. Usually, the amount of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is calculated using the results of total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides.Triglycerides — measures all the triglycerides in all the lipoprotein particles; most is in the very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) — calculated from triglycerides/5; this formula is based on the typical composition of VLDL particles.Non-HDL-C — calculated from total cholesterol minus HDL-C.Cholesterol/HDL ratio — calculated ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C.

Elevated concentrations of Lp(a) are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease

Clinical Significance

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), also known as platelet activating factor Acetylhydrolase, is an inflammatory enzyme that circulates bound mainly to low density lipoproteins and has been found to be localized and enriched in atherosclerotic plaques. In multiple clinical trials, Lp-PLA2 activity has been shown to be an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke in the general population. Measurement of Lp-PLA2 may be used along with traditional cardiovascular risk factor measures for identifying individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular disease events. Clinical management may include beginning or intensifying risk reduction strategies. The activity assay is an enzyme assay run on an automated chemistry platform.

Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) may be reported as part of a lipid profile, a group of tests that are often ordered together to determine risk of coronary heart disease and an important part of cardiac risk assessments.Increased levels of VLDL-C are thought to reflect the presence of particles called lipoprotein remnants that are intermediate particles on the pathway of conversion of VLDL to LDL. When high levels of VLDL are present, the conversion of VLDL to LDL is slowed and the accumulation of intermediate particles is thought to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.